{"id":254,"date":"2016-05-23T12:22:38","date_gmt":"2016-05-23T11:22:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/?p=254"},"modified":"2016-06-03T14:10:19","modified_gmt":"2016-06-03T13:10:19","slug":"added-bleach-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/added-bleach-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Who added bleach to the water?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"the-content\"><p>El Ni\u00f1o, a meteorological buzz word much in use at the moment, defines a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean that has an impact on weather patterns around the world.   The phenomenon begins when warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean, which typically pools near Indonesia and the Philippines, shifts eastward along the equator towards the coast of South America. During an El Ni\u00f1o, the trade winds (the prevailing pattern of easterly surface\u00a0winds\u00a0found in the tropics) weaken in the western and central Pacific and the ocean\u2019s warmest surface waters sit offshore of north-western South America. The temperature of these surface waters rises because there is less upwelling of cold water from below to cool the surface. The clouds and rainstorms associated with warm ocean waters also shift towards the east.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_257\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im01\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im01\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im01\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im01\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im01\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.  Photo by Rainer von Brandis | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The weather all over the planet changes as a result of the warm water releasing so much energy into the atmosphere. Scientists are still not certain of the factors that trigger an El Ni\u00f1o cycle and understanding them is made more difficult by the fact that not all El Ni\u00f1o events are the same; fluctuations in the atmosphere and ocean do not always follow the same pattern from one El Ni\u00f1o to the next. According to scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the El Ni\u00f1o that started in 2015 is expected to be one of the\u00a0strongest on record.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im02\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im02\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im02\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im02\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im02\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Photo by Rainer von Brandis | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Tiny islands like D\u2019Arros and St Joseph Atoll in the Seychelles are not exempt from the weather anomalies induced by El Ni\u00f1o. In April we had to batten down the hatches for a week in preparation for the strong winds and rough seas associated with the outer margins of Tropical Cyclone Fantala, which swept past D\u2019Arros. In general, though, we are experiencing much higher rainfall than usual and days so calm that you can\u2019t quite tell where the sea stops and the sky begins. (figure 1) This is great for boating activities, but there is one major negative impact El Ni\u00f1o is having just under the ocean surface: coral bleaching. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im03\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im03\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im03\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im03\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im03\u00a9RainervonBrandisSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Photo by Rainer von Brandis | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In some quarters, coral reefs are considered to be the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth, home to a multitude of different types of invertebrates, fish and turtles. (figure 2) Covering less than 1% of the sea floor, they support an estimated 25% of all marine life. As well as providing feeding, refuge, spawning and nursery areas for a large variety of organisms, reefs are natural breakwaters that minimise the wave impact of storms. (figure 3) <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160516Im04\u00a9ChrisBoyesSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160516Im04\u00a9ChrisBoyesSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160516Im04\u00a9ChrisBoyesSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160516Im04\u00a9ChrisBoyesSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160516Im04\u00a9ChrisBoyesSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Photo by Chris Boyes | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Coral\u00a0can be defined as a marine polyp that has a calcareous skeleton and lives in colonies. It is a prime example of mutualistic symbiosis \u2013 a union of two organisms to the benefit of both. Inside the skeleton of the coral colony live coral polyps and one-celled algae called zooxanthellae. (figure 4) The coral polyps carry out cellular respiration, producing carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate as by-products. The algae then use these by-products to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, sugars and lipids, which the coral polyps utilise for growth and cellular respiration \u2013 and so the cycle continues. The calcium carbonate is used to build the cup-shaped skeleton structure that is strong enough to withstand typical wave action.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright-1.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright-1.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5.  Photo by Rainer von Brandis |\u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The algae\u00a0give coral its coloration, so when coral is \u2018stressed\u2019 \u2013 in this case by rising water temperatures caused by El Ni\u00f1o \u2013 and expels its zooxanthellae, it loses both the algae and its colour. The resulting lighter or completely white appearance has led to the term \u2018bleached\u2019. (figure 5) What remains is the bare, white, calcium carbonate skeleton of the coral. (figure 6) As soon as the algae leave, the coral begins to starve. If optimal ocean conditions do not return soon, the algae do not come back because the stress is still present \u2013 and the coral dies.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20150515Im06\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundation-1708x1280.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Photo by Kerryn Bullock | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>SOSF-D\u2019Arros Research Centre has an extensive coral reef monitoring programme that has as its fundamental aim the assessment of trends in the structure and health of coral reef communities around D\u2019Arros and St Joseph. In order to detect long-term trends in coral reef communities, the data collection methods and sampling effort are standardised and are repeated consistently over the years. As a consequence of NOAA predictions and warnings, an extensive project to monitor coral bleaching has been established. Six permanent 50-metre monitoring transects have been established at varying depths along the north-facing side of D\u2019Arros. A stereo-video system has been monitoring the condition of the corals, and fish surveys will be conducted to observe fish communities throughout the bleaching event. (figure 7) These surveys will be vital for detecting, outlining and ranking the bleaching, as well as for showing species-specific responses to sea-warming events.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 1920px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im07\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" class=\"fresco\" data-fresco-caption=\"\" data-fresco-options=\"thumbnails:false\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im07\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg\" alt=\"BULLOCK kerryn - coral bleaching\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" class=\"size-full wp-image-263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im07\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im07\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im07\u00a9KerrynBullockSaveOurSeasFoundationCopyright-1024x574.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. Photo by Kerryn Bullock | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El Ni\u00f1o, a meteorological buzz word much in use at the moment, defines a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean that has an impact on weather patterns around the world. The phenomenon begins when warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean, which typically pools near Indonesia and the Philippines, shifts eastward along the equator [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"featured_media":256,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who added bleach to the water? - SOSF D&#039;Arros Research Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/added-bleach-water\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Who added bleach to the water?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El Ni\u00f1o, a meteorological buzz word much in use at the moment, defines a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean that has an impact on weather patterns around the world. The phenomenon begins when warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean, which typically pools near Indonesia and the Philippines, shifts eastward along the equator [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/added-bleach-water\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SOSF D&#039;Arros Research Centre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/saveourseasngo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-05-23T11:22:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2016-06-03T13:10:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jade Schultz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@saveourseas\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@saveourseas\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jade Schultz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jade Schultz\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d058a769f551080ffbc7c284666d9fe9\"},\"headline\":\"Who added bleach to the water?\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-05-23T11:22:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-06-03T13:10:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":908,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright.jpg\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/\",\"name\":\"Who added bleach to the water? - SOSF D&#039;Arros Research Centre\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-05-23T11:22:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-06-03T13:10:19+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/added-bleach-water\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/saveourseas.com\\\/sosf-darros-research-centre\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/Blog20160515Im05\u00a9RainervonBrandisCopyright.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1280,\"caption\":\"Figure 5. 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