{"id":2534,"date":"2024-08-02T18:13:10","date_gmt":"2024-08-02T17:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/?p=2534"},"modified":"2024-08-02T18:14:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T17:14:43","slug":"wedge-tailed-shearwaters-are-beating-the-rat-race-on-darros-island","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wedge-tailed-shearwaters-are-beating-the-rat-race-on-darros-island\/","title":{"rendered":"Wedge-tailed shearwaters are beating the rat race on D\u2019Arros Island"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u02bbI have been very fortunate to work on several\u00a0islands on many different\u00a0seabird species,\u2019 begins researcher Danielle Keys<\/a>, the lead author of a hopeful new paper<\/a> that shows a 10-fold increase in wedge-tailed shearwater birds on D\u2019Arros Island from 2009 to 2021. Danielle, who hails from Nelson Mandela University in South Africa, joined the research team at the Save Our Seas Foundation D\u2019Arros Research Centre (SOSF-DRC) to survey and compare wedge-tailed shearwater population sizes on D\u2019Arros Island in 2016 and 2021. Strong population recoveries on the island, which has been free of invasive rats since 2003, is an incredibly optimistic sign. \u02bbI have worked on Bird Island (South Africa) on Cape gannets, Reunion Island on wedge-tailed shearwaters and\u00a0Barau\u2019s petrels, and Marion Island on several albatross, petrel and penguin species. All these islands are unique in their topography and spatial distribution. Like Marion Island, which is home to many burrowing petrels and other island-nesting species, St Joseph Atoll is more or less pristine and this study shows that, if given a chance, birds can recover really well after the eradication of an invasive species.\u2019<\/p>\n

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Photo by Ryan Daly | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n

Seychelles is a hub for breeding wedge-tailed shearwaters, seabirds that have an enormous range across the Indian and Pacific oceans. As colonial breeders, these birds nest in huge groups, digging out burrows to lay their eggs underground. But taking to land comes at a cost for birds on islands where invasive rats have run amok. Humans have introduced black, brown and Pacific rats to 80% of oceanic islands, with devastating consequences for many seabird species. This is because not only are rats adept at succeeding in their new environment and proliferating quickly, but they have been shown to be one of the most harmful invasive species for seabird populations. Usually introduced accidentally to islands as stowaways in years gone by, rodents (rats and mice) quickly work their way through the local fauna and eat seabird eggs and chicks \u2013 even adults. For endangered, slow-breeding birds and ground-nesting species, this can be catastrophic. \u02bbMarion Island is currently\u00a0plagued by an invasive mouse species that is decimating the population of seabirds there (especially burrowing birds),\u2019 explains Danielle. A staggering number of seabirds are predicted to go extinct on this sub-Antarctic island. For instance, wandering albatrosses face a grim reality as mice literally eat nesting birds alive. \u02bbThere is a plan to eradicate the mice on Marion,\u2019 Danielle continues. Indeed, the Mouse-Free Marion programme goes to show how efforts to eradicate rodents to date have often been fraught with complications. With helicopters earmarked to sling rodenticides from airborne buckets, the scale of eradicating rodents (and in this case, saving the 19 of 28 breeding seabird species predicted to go locally extinct as a result of mice on Marion Island) is unprecedented.<\/p>\n

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Photo by Ryan Daly | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n

And this is why the story of D\u2019Arros Island and St Joseph Atoll, a remote, near-pristine gem in Seychelles\u2019 Amirantes region, is both astonishing and a potential learning curve when it comes to managing seabird populations. \u02bbSt Joseph Atoll hosts one of the largest breeding colonies of wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Western Indian Ocean, and Fouquet Island (an island within the atoll) is home to most of them,\u2019 says Danielle. \u02bbBecause of this, the atoll meets one of the criteria for classification as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA).\u2019 A survey of the wedge-tailed shearwater population was first done in 2009 (there is no estimate of numbers before the rats were exterminated in 2003) and it was this count that Danielle and her co-authors updated and compared. Danielle recounts the story:<\/p>\n

\u02bbA couple of years ago when I was doing work on the shearwaters, I had some extra time and did a census of the wedge-tailed shearwaters on D\u2019Arros Island. To my surprise, the population was substantially larger than previously estimated. The amount by which it exceeded the estimate was so much more that I honestly doubted that I had done the census correctly. Robert (Bullock, the current research director at the SOSF-DRC) then did another census and confirmed that the population was 10 times larger than previously estimated.\u2019<\/div>\n

It\u2019s an astounding find. \u02bbAround the\u00a0world, according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, wedge-tailed shearwater populations are declining. But here in our study, we find that the population has drastically increased and this may be due to the eradication of rats on D\u2019Arros Island,\u2019 says Danielle. \u02bbWhile\u00a0we cannot confirm this with full certainty without conducting another census on Fouquet Island, we suspect that D\u2019Arros may be acting as a sink population for its larger neighbour, Fouquet.\u2019 Indeed, St Joseph Atoll represents as much as 16% of the total population of wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Western Indian Ocean. As a result, these birds might be looking for new nesting grounds to avoid overcrowding and thus repopulating D\u2019Arros Island, which lies two kilometres (1.2 miles) from St Joseph Atoll.<\/p>\n

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Photo by Luke Gordon | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n

There is understandably often ethical discomfort \u2013 and a somewhat grey \u2018moral\u2019 area \u2013 when it comes to the management of invasive species. Indeed, the impact of such a species aside, the mass extermination of any type of animal sounds like a problem we\u2019d prefer to avoid in the first place. However, the consequences of inaction for biodiversity are grave. Scientists who wrote a paper in Nature<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats\u2019*) showed that seabird densities are 760 times lower on islands with rats than on those without. And what do seabirds mean for island life that makes them so important to conserve? Well, evidence is beginning to show that these oceanic nomads are a key part of an island\u2019s nutrient cycle and often keep systems like coral reefs flourishing, simply by returning from their foraging journeys equipped with their own nutrient-dense fertiliser in the form of their faeces. Unbelievably complex micro-effects ripple out from the loss of seabirds and their fertilising services. In one study, researchers showed that jewel damselfish were five times more aggressive and 70 times more likely to defend small territories on coral reefs around rat-free islands than those around rat-infested ones. This is because the quality, not necessarily the quantity, of fish food is what changes when the seabird fertiliser is lost to the system. And good food makes territories worth defending. What researcher Rachel Gunn and her co-authors showed in their paper \u2018Terrestrial invasive species alter marine vertebrate behaviour\u2019** is that we need to think not only of numbers (of animals and species), but also their behaviours and ability to survive into a changing and uncertain future.<\/p>\n

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Photo by Rainer Von Brandis | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p><\/div>\n

Danielle stresses that there are some technical aspects to sampling and future monitoring worth taking note of in her co-authored publication. \u02bbWe highlight the importance of understanding the phenology (life cycle) of a species and ensuring that sampling of a breeding seabird is done during its peak breeding period and that the appropriate technology can be used to sample burrowing seabirds accurately and efficiently.\u2019 In the midst a biodiversity crisis, it is hopeful to find stories of success. Eradicating invasive species is challenging and fraught with complications, but when we have indications of where (and how) it might have worked, there is a blueprint to aid efforts elsewhere. \u02bbThis study gives me a lot of hope,\u2019 concludes Danielle. \u02bbI have monitored the behaviour, phenology and demographics of many breeding seabird species and counted their breeding population sizes, so that changes can be estimated. This kind of information gives conservation managers the ammunition they need to act pre-emptively, to make appropriate changes to strategies if necessary, and it enables scientists to direct their research and to decide what is important for future studies.\u2019<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

**References
\n– Danielle Z. Keys, Robert W. Bullock, Clare Keating & Pierre A Pistorius
\n‘Rapid increase in size of wedge-tailed shearwater ardent pacifica<\/em> colony following rat eradication.’ Marine Ornithology: 52: 149\u2013155.<\/p>\n

– Graham, Nicholas AJ, Wilson, Shaun K, Carr, Peter, Hoey, Andrew S, Jennings, Simon and MacNeil, M Aaron. \u02bbSeabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats.\u2019 Nature<\/em>\u00a0559, no. 7713 (2018): 250\u2013253.<\/p>\n

– Gunn, Rachel L, Benkwitt, Cassandra E, Graham, Nicholas AJ, Hartley, Ian R, Algar, Adam C, and Keith, Sally A. \u02bbTerrestrial invasive species alter marine vertebrate behaviour.\u2019 Nature Ecology & Evolution<\/em>\u00a0(2023): 1\u201310.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u02bbI have been very fortunate to work on several\u00a0islands on many different\u00a0seabird species,\u2019 begins researcher Danielle Keys, the lead author of a hopeful new paper that shows a 10-fold increase in wedge-tailed shearwater birds on D\u2019Arros Island from 2009 to 2021. Danielle, who hails from Nelson Mandela University in South Africa, joined the research team […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWedge-tailed shearwaters are beating the rat race on D\u2019Arros Island - SOSF D'Arros Research Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/wedge-tailed-shearwaters-are-beating-the-rat-race-on-darros-island\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wedge-tailed shearwaters are beating the rat race on D\u2019Arros Island\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u02bbI have been very fortunate to work on several\u00a0islands on many different\u00a0seabird species,\u2019 begins researcher Danielle Keys, the lead author of a hopeful new paper that shows a 10-fold increase in wedge-tailed shearwater birds on D\u2019Arros Island from 2009 to 2021. 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