{"id":1674,"date":"2019-08-15T16:02:53","date_gmt":"2019-08-15T15:02:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/travelling-trevallies\/"},"modified":"2020-08-17T16:03:38","modified_gmt":"2020-08-17T15:03:38","slug":"travelling-trevallies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/sosf-darros-research-centre\/travelling-trevallies\/","title":{"rendered":"Travelling Trevallies"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Giant trevallies<\/a> (Caranx ignobilis<\/em>) are no strangers to making headlines. These fish burst out of the waters in Seychelles, and into public fascination, on a sequence<\/a> in BBC Earth\u2019s Blue Planet II, sniping fledgeling terns from the sea\u2019s surface. But their TV debut with David Attenborough came before that, swimming up the Mtentu River in South Africa to circle, and circle, and circle, in a mysterious aggregation captured on camera as \u201cThe Journey of the King Fish\u201d. Now, the latest results from the Acoustic Tracking Array Project (ATAP)<\/a> have confirmed that one of the largest aggregations of giant trevally in the world gathers in a marine protected area (MPA) off the Mozambican coast. This gathering is a predictable phenomenon, happening at the same place, and during the same season, every year. Before they aggregate each summer, these fish swim extraordinary distances of up to 633 km across an international border with South Africa. This, say the authors of the new study<\/a> published this month in Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/em>, makes it vital for Mozambique and South Africa to work together to manage an important fish population that cares little for our political borders.<\/p>\n

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Dr JD Filmalter prepares to release a giant trevally after fitting it with an acoustic tag. Photo by Ryan Daly | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

How did the study happen?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ryan Daly, Clare Keating Daly and Paul Cowley<\/a>, together with their co-authors from SAIAB<\/a> and ORI<\/a> in South Africa, and Centro Terra Viva<\/a> in Mozambique, looked at the world\u2019s largest known gathering of giant trevally in the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (PPMR)<\/a> in the Western Indian Ocean. They tagged 30 fish with acoustic tags and monitored their movement patterns over three years. Acoustic tags transmit a unique code, which is detected by a network of receivers when the tagged fish<\/a> swims in the vicinity. The receivers log the fish\u2019s unique code, the time and the date. All this information is downloaded later by researchers and used to map out the movement tracks of fish across this wide monitoring array.<\/p>\n

\u201cAcoustic telemetry research has gained immense popularity over the past two decades and the benefits of researchers working together, mainly by sharing data, has been witnessed all around the world\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

explains Paul Cowley, who leads the ATAP project based out of Mkhanda, South Africa. \u201cThe philosophy of \u2018The whole is greater than the sum of its parts\u2019 has led to the establishment of collaborative research networks (like ATAP) in many places. Since its inception in 2011, the ATAP continues to show growth in terms of the number of animals (and species) being tagged, as well as the number of members<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

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ATAP receiver and acoustic release at the water surface. Photo \u00a9 Ryan Daly<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

This particular study relied on a network of six receivers distributed in the PPMR, a subtropical MPA that protects 98.5 km of coastline length from Maputo Bay in the north, to South Africa\u2019s iSimangaliso Wetland Park in the south. Lead author Ryan attests to the PPMR\u2019s current efficacy for fish populations, noting that: \u201cIt has some of the best-protected area governance in the region, with some of the best evidence for protecting its fish populations that I\u2019ve witnessed in Mozambique\u201d. Three receivers in Ponta Techobanine, and three receivers at the border with South Africa logged fish travelling both north and south of the identified aggregation site in the MPA. Collecting these data, and maintaining this network of receivers, relied on cross-border cooperation.\u00a0 \u201cCurrently, more than 30 scientists and their students from at least 14 organisations benefit from the ATAP\u2019s network of receivers\u201d, Paul continues. \u201cThis achievement would not be possible without support from the Canadian-based global Ocean Tracking Network<\/a> and the National Research Foundation<\/a> for equipment, and the Save Our Seas Foundation for funding to service and maintain the network of acoustic receivers<\/a> spanning approximately 1400 km of coastline from False Bay to southern Mozambique<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

What did the researchers find?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Giant trevally showed what scientists term \u201csite fidelity\u201d: that is, they return to the same area each season, across multiple years. Often, this behaviour is linked to spawning, and it seems that this is what the trevally come to the relative sanctity of the PPMR to do each year. Paul and the team\u2019s new insights into these huge predators highlight an important point: these fish swim the gauntlet across ocean areas managed by different countries, and management authorities, to do the most important thing for their population \u2013 reproduce.<\/p>\n

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\u201cBesides the highly predictable aggregation of thousands of giant trevally at the same site and same time (season) each year, the remarkable distances covered by some fish was surprising because similar telemetry studies done on the same species in Australia and Hawaii never recorded such large long-shore movements, which in our study ranged over 600 km. This range covers the core distribution of this species in South Africa, which possibly means that all (or most) local (South African) adult giant trevally move to Mozambique each year to spawn\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

To try to understand a little more of what might help predict when, where and why the trevally choose to arrive in this region of Mozambique each year, the scientists measured other factors in the environment. They showed that the giant trevally aggregation was associated with rising sea temperatures and the full moon period, and that the fish seemed to aggregate more during the day.<\/p>\n

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What does this mean?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe acoustic tracking of giant trevallies has yielded far greater insights into their movement patterns compared to the information obtained from conventional external dart tagging\u201d, says Paul. \u201cThe highly predictable spawning aggregation makes them extremely vulnerable to fisheries. Hence, effective management measures are required to conserve this species\u201d.<\/p>\n

This study suggests that, given the numbers of fish that come to aggregate each year, most of the giant trevally population in the southwest Indian Ocean rely on the PPMR in Mozambique to breed. They, quite literally, put all their eggs into one MPA basket. If they\u2019re returning each year to the same place, at the same time, that makes the trevally all too easy for fishers to find \u2013 a gathering that\u2019s easy to deplete if fishing at that time is unregulated. The MPA is an important tool that could safeguard this population in the future, and there are few additional management steps that could strengthen controls for catching trevally. Currently, the giant trevally aggregate in what is called a \u201cmultiple-use zone<\/a>\u201d of the MPA, with the result that recreational fishing is allowed, as is some small-scale local community fishing (although this fishery doesn\u2019t currently target the giant trevally aggregation). Paul summarises some of the recommendations outlined in the paper, noting that these few changes could further secure the future of this important fish population: \u201cReduce the recreational daily bag limit to 1 giant trevally per person per day, and propose a closed season over the aggregation period\u201d.<\/p>\n

Lead author Ryan Daly expands on these insights, noting the complexity required to achieve them: \u201cThe PPMR management has been doing an excellent job protecting the MPA\u2019s marine resources, but this is a vast area that remains vulnerable to exploitation. Simply banning any remaining commercial fishing by the few licensed handline boats will further strain MPA management, requiring even more enforcement in the region with few resources. Going forward, we hope that the PPMR first receives more support to continue to monitor the MPA, before stricter controls are necessary. Improved regulations, such as a closed season for giant trevallies in the PPMR when they are most vulnerable (during aggregation season), will improve the effectiveness of the MPA for these fish\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Researchers (from left to right) JD Filmalter, Paul Cowley and Ryan Daly. Photo by Clare Daly | \u00a9 Save Our Seas Foundation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Where to from here?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The study highlights why we need to navigate effective transboundary management better \u2013 but might the results (and recommendations) for giant trevally be a blueprint for principles that can be applied to other large, mobile or transboundary marine populations on this same section of coast? On this point, Paul raises the need for continued monitoring and the expansion of the ATAP network: \u201cMany South African marine species, including bony fishes, sharks, whales, dolphins and turtles, undertake transboundary movements. More information on the extent of these movements and the timing of migrations for each species is required for species-specific management recommendations. The giant trevally example may be unique in that they form a predictable seasonal aggregation that allows for site-specific recommendations to be made. There are plans to deploy more receivers and tag more mobile species along this section of the coast\u201d.<\/p>\n

As for where the trevally travel when they\u2019re not spawning in Mozambique \u2013 well, that\u2019s a question for the near-future for Paul and the team. \u201cThe monitoring and tagging of giant trevallies are ongoing, and our research team has tagged more individuals at another aggregation site (the Mtentu Estuary in Transkei). We are also tagging more individuals in Mozambique (at Bazaruto Island and Vamizi). The vision is to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of several spatially discrete populations and examine the level of connectivity between populations in SA and Mozambique.\u201d For those trevallies that traverse the coast and cross the border each summer, Paul\u2019s hopes remain high:<\/p>\n

\u201cOur research team has a good working relationship with the Ponta do Oura Partial Marine Reserve, and we are confident that the recommendations from this research will be taken seriously\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

You can follow ATAP on Twitter: @ATAP_ZA<\/p>\n

You can read the paper here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

**Reference<\/em>: Daly, R., Filmalter, J.D., Daly, C.A., Bennett, R.H., Pereira, M.A., Mann, B.Q., Dunlop, S.W. and Cowley, P.D., 2019. Acoustic telemetry reveals multi-seasonal spatiotemporal dynamics of a giant trevally Caranx ignobilis<\/em> aggregation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 621, pp.185-197.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Giant trevallies (Caranx ignobilis) are no strangers to making headlines. These fish burst out of the waters in Seychelles, and into public fascination, on a sequence in BBC Earth\u2019s Blue Planet II, sniping fledgeling terns from the sea\u2019s surface. But their TV debut with David Attenborough came before that, swimming up the Mtentu River in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTravelling Trevallies - SOSF D'Arros Research Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saveourseas.com\/travelling-trevallies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Travelling Trevallies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Giant trevallies (Caranx ignobilis) are no strangers to making headlines. 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